This experience led Nasser to form the Free Officers Movement, a military group he used to subsequently overthrow the monarchy. He criticized King Farouk for setting up the military for failure, a disillusionment he wrote about in his Arabic text, The Philosophy of the Revolution (1954). Nasser himself fought in the 1948 war against Israel. In 1948, Egypt found itself in the middle of an anti-colonial struggle against Israel’s expansionist presence and occupation in Palestine. While Nasser did not start this pro-Arabization nationalist ideology, he elevated it to a new height. Nasser centered the Arab component of Egypt’s national identity. Nasser’s priority was deepening Egypt’s independence and completely divesting from British colonial presence, particularly in the Suez Canal. Gamal Abdel Nasser, the paramount leader of Egypt from (1952–1970), saw his country at the center of three “circles,” the Arab, the African, and the Islamic, with the Arab world being in the natural sphere of influence.
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